car brake

Brake is a device to slow or stop the movement of the wheels. Because the wheels slowed down, it automatically slows the vehicle motion. The kinetic energy is lost from a moving object is usually converted to heat due to friction. In regenerative braking, most of this energy can be recovered and stored in rodagila (flywheel), capacitors, or converted to alternating current by an alternator, then dilalukan through a rectifier (rectifier) and stored in the battery for another use.

The kinetic energy increases by the square of the speed (E = ½ m · v2). This means that if the speed of a vehicle increases two times, it has four times as much energy. Brakes have to throw four times as much energy to stop and consequently, the distance required for braking is also four times as far.


The brake system in automotive engineering is a system that serves to:

     Reduce vehicle speed.
     Stopping the vehicle is running.
     Keeping the vehicle remains stopped.


The main components in the brake system consists of:

     Brake pedal or brake lever.
     Amplifier (booster).
     Master cylinder (master cylinder).
     Braking or cable channels (lines).

Radiator

Radiator is a part or component of the cooling system that uses water cooling system. because it is a function of the radiator to cool the engine. Radiator as we know it is mostly used in motor vehicles (two-wheel or four-wheel drive), it is not uncommon radiator is also used on machines that require refrigeration eksstra. As in the production machine or other machine that works in conditions of severe or prolonged labor. In both the motor vehicle or car radiator usually located in front and to be near the engine or in positions that are favorable for the cooling system. It aims to bring the machine to get maximum cooling machine as needed.

central engine

Middle engine is the engine position laying on the front axle and rear axle.

profit

Advantages laying machine in the middle is the uneven distribution of weight distribution. Heaviest component in the car is placed as close as possible to the center of the vehicle, thus reducing the moment of inertia of the vehicle, so the control, traction, and ride quality when turning, braking, and acceleration could be better by itself.

Laying in the middle of the machine to give an extra burden to the rear wheels, so traksinya increases. This reduces the possibility of rear tires locked up and reduce the chance of slippage adalnya. If the middle-engined cars also use a rear-wheel drive, so it can improve acceleration on slippery roads. Laying It also makes ABS brakes and traction control systems work better. This engine also adds to the safety car, because if such a crash, there is a gap between the engine and the car bumper to absorb the impact so that the possible effects of a collision up to the passenger cabin is smaller.

rear engine

Back of the machine is one of the approaches in the design of vehicles, with the engine placed at the rear of the vehicle so that the vehicle can be styled rooms with easier and more aerodynamic. Vehicles with rear engine was originally developed by Hitler to create a people's car Volkswagen named later known as the VW Beetle, in Indonesia known as the VW Beetle.

By placing the engine in the back, so the car can be designed with a low coefficient geseknya. Usually used in luxury sports cars such as Ferrari and Porsche. In addition to the car is also now widely used bus rear engine.

Advantages rear engine

> Easy on the production vehicle,> Because of the location of the machine on wheels that propel the vehicle, the friction of the road is higher,> It is easier to plan the passenger cabin space> Radiation heat generated by the machine can be reduced with better> Cabin space is less noisy than the front engine.

Losses rear engine
> Because of the location of the engine behind could result in driving the vehicle at the corner becomes more difficult,> Can not medeteksi abnormalities that occur in the engine, especially on bus

front engine

Front engine layout engine is an order in a car that was in the front. The location of the engine is in the front is the most popular configurations. In this configuration the machine is placed in front of the passenger cabin.

Advantages:
> More secure (the machine can be a shield from impact from the front)> More easily cooled (as it directly receives the flow of the wind)> Easier to maintain (because of its position at the front, it is always visible to the driver and passenger)

disadvantages:
> The weight of the car leaning forward> For rear-wheel drive will be a lot of wasted energy> Limiting aerodynamics

Engine in front of cause most of the weight concentrated in the front of the vehicle. This is usually overcome by trying to divide the weight of the vehicle gets belakang.Seperti distribute engine power to the rear wheels, it automatically makes weight more evenly, because the drive wheels and transmission device that is placed in the middle to balance the weight of the engine in front. But this way has a number of disadvantages that the engine power is wasted in the way of the engine in the front towards the rear tire on, slowly configuration front engine rear-drive being replaced front engine - driving forward. Configuring a front engine rear-drive is still popular for transport vehicles.

Configure the front-engine front-wheel drive is very exciting to be produced by the engine, transmission, steering in a single package, thus:

> cheap> easy> light> efficient

losses that arise are uneven load distribution, it is compensated by designing a more advanced electronics and tools that can make the car more stable.

supercharger

Supercharger (also known as a blower) is a gas compressor used to pump air into the cylinder combustion engine. Mass additional oxygen is forced into the cylinder making machines burn more fuel, and increasing the engine's volumetric efficiency and make it more powerful. A supercharger is powered mechanically by the rope-or chain-puller of the engine crankshaft.

Similar supercharger with a turbocharger, but the turbocharger is powered by the flow of gases that drive the turbine engine. Supercharger can absorb as much as a third of crankshaft engine power in most applications and are less efficient than turbochargers. In applications where power is more important than other considerations, such as top fuel dragster and vehicles used in tractor pull competition, the supercharger is very common.

turbocharger

The turbocharger is a centrifugal compressor that gets power from the turbine energy source comes from vehicle exhaust fumes. Commonly used in internal-combustion engines to increase power output and efficiency of the engine by increasing the pressure of air entering the engine. The key advantage of turbochargers is that they offer a lot of good improvements in engine power with little added weight.

Turbocharger discovered by a Swiss engineer Alfred Buchi. Applied for its patent for a turbocharger used in 1905. Locomotive and vessel diesel with turbocharger machined was also seen in the 1920s.

A loss in a gasoline engine is the compression ratio should be lowered (so as not passed through the maximum compression pressure and to prevent engine knocking) that decrease the efficiency of the machine when operating at low energy. This loss was not on the diesel engine designed specifically diturbocharge. However, for operation at altitude, energy income from a turbocharger make much difference to the total energy output from the second type of machine. This last factor makes aircraft engines with turbochargers is very profitable, and is the beginning of thought to the development of this tool.

exhaust system

The exhaust system is a channel to remove the waste products of combustion in internal combustion engines. The exhaust system consists of several components, comprising at least one exhaust pipe known in Indonesia as well as the exhaust is adopted from the Dutch or filter sound.

design

Design drains designed to channel the gases of combustion engine to the place that is safe for the user machine. Generally hot combustion gases, for it must be heat-resistant drain and quickly release heat. Sewer must not pass through or adjacent to combustible material or easily damaged by heat. Although it seems simple, the design of the exhaust system enough to affect the engine performance.

The main components

Scheme exhaust system: 8 Combustion chamber. 9 Relief valve. 10 Channels waste. 11 Exhaust manifold. 12 Catalytic converter. 13 Muffler.

Generally, the components in the exhaust system consists of:

 

> Cylinder head, where the exhaust pipe starts, except for two stroke engines where the drain is placed at  the bottom of cylinder wall.
> Exhaust manifold or exhaust headers, which pipes of some combustion chamber / cylinder join. 
> Catalytic converter to reduce levels of toxic gas, CO, HC and NOx
> Muffler, pipe gas to flow of combustion.
> Silencers or mufflers also called, which serves to muffle the sound. In motorcycles, silencer inside exhaust while the car is generally seen clearly in the form of a tube before the end of the exhaust pipe.
In addition there is an optional component such as turbocharger, which uses the power / energy remaining to turn a turbine to allow air to be inserted into the fuel pressure so the engine will produce more power.
 

Unit electronic control car

In automotive, the ECU is an acronym for Electronic Control Unit or an electronic control unit that serves to make the vehicle engine optimization works, sometimes also called the engine control unit.

In a car there can be found some ECU:

     Control fuel injection serves to control the use of fuel injected and the amount of air into the combustion chamber so that the use of the most efficient vehicle fuel,
     Ignition timing control function controls the timing / ignition timing adjusted to the speed and impassable terrain.
     Timing control valve which controls the time / most appropriate timing for opening and closing the intake and exhaust valves

engine piston

Piston engine is a heat engine that uses one or more pistons move, which aims to convert pressure into a circular motion. Types of piston engines include: internal combustion engines, are widely used in motor vehicles; steam engine, used during the Industrial Revolution, and also the stirling engine.

Normally present in all types of piston engines

In piston engine possible presence of one or more number of pistons. These pistons located inside the cylinder. Inside the cylinder, the fuel mixture is inserted. This mixture can be gas that has been heat and pressure (such as the steam engine), or it could be gas heated in the cylinder with the ignition system. This hot gas that will eventually push the piston moves down and move the crankshaft.
In all types of machines, the downward movement of the piston is converted into circular motion, using the connecting rod and a crankshaft or swashplate. A flywheel is used for finer turnaround. The more cylinders in a piston engine generally also make the engine smoother. Power output of the engine piston is usually directly proportional to the total volume of the piston engine.

A seal is used between the moving piston and the cylinder wall so that the existing high pressure gas above the piston does not leak and does not reduce the efficiency of the engine's pistons. Seal is in the form of one or more piston rings. Ring is made of hard metal.

Usually machines are classified by the number of cylinders and the total volume of the cylinder. Cylinder volume is expressed in cubic centimeters (cc) or liters (l). Judging from the number of cylinders, the classification based on mode used. Internal combustion engine with one or two cylinders mostly used in the motor, while the car is usually put on the machine from 4 to 8 cylinders. A locomotive or ship typically has a number of cylinders at least 12 or more. Cylinder volume can vary from 10 cm ³ to tens of thousands of cm ³.
The capacity of the machine

For piston engine, the engine capacity was calculated from the total volume of all pistons inside the engine displacement for once. Usually the engine capacity is measured in liters or cubic inches or cubic centimeters (cc). Machine with a large capacity will usually be more powerful and greater torque at low speed, but also more extravagant gasoline consumption, although power output and fuel consumption is also much influenced by other factors. 

Wankel engine

Wankel engine or rotary engine is also called combustion engine driven by the pressure generated by the burning converted into a rotary motion that drives the rotor axis.

The machine was developed by German engineer Felix Wankel. He started his research in the early 1950s at NSU Motorenwerke AG (NSU) and prototypenya and working in 1957. Further NSU to license the concept to several other companies all over the world to improve the concept.

Because of the Wankel engine is very compact, lightweight, machine is widely used in various vehicles and equipment such as the race car, aircraft, go-karts, speed boat.

Fuel pump

Fuel pump or also known as Fuel Pump is one of the components in the fuel system on a vehicle or other internal combustion engines. Some machines do not require a fuel pump because of its design and the gravity, the fuel will flow by itself in the fuel system. Most of the others had to use pumps to drain the fuel from the fuel tank. In using a carburetor engine, generally using low-pressure mechanical pump mounted outside the fuel tank while engine with fuel injection, some have 2 kinds of pumps in the fuel delivery system,

1. Medium pressure fuel pump / large volume tank or better known as the Fuel Pump. This pump works to supply the fuel injection system. Generally electric pump mounted in the fuel tank.
2. Pump high pressure / low volume or better known as the Fuel Injection Pump (FIP). This pump is in the fuel injection system to pump the fuel to function in a high pressure fuel to supply to the injector.

Most fuel-injected engines do not have fuel pumps. Fuel injection systems suck fuel directly from the tank or FIP pumping fuel from the tank into the injector.

Fuel pump has two types:

1. Mechanical fuel pump. 
2. Electric fuel pump.

Mechanical fuel pump

design

Much of this type of pump is the type of membrane pump. Membrane pump has a pump chamber whose volume depends on the elasticity of the membrane movement. In addition, it is equipped with one-way valve at the inlet and the outlet. Specific designs vary widely, these pumps are generally mounted on the engine block or cylinder head. A shaft with an eccentric shaft and connected to the engine will move the lever on the pump (directly or through axle suppressor / liaison) to move up and down with the movement of the membrane. This movement will make the pump chamber volume will shrink or enlarge, and repeated according to engine speed. When the pump chamber volume decreases, the pump chamber pressure will increase and result in one-way valve on the outlet open as well as one-way valve at the inlet is closed, fuel is pumped out through the channel going out. When the volume of the gas changes from the smallest becoming enlarged, the pump pressure will decrease and result in one-way valve on the outlet is closed and the one-way valve at the inlet open, bajar be sucked material enters the pump through the inlet. When this process occurs continuously, the fuel will flow from the tank into the carburetor or fuel injection system. Mechanical fuel pump pressure generally results in no more than 15 psi, qualified as a low pressure pump. 

Electric fuel pump 

General electric fuel pump mounted on the fuel tank, a small pump installed in the machine. Depending on the design, this type of pump produces pressure varies, from a low-pressure pump up high enough. Some are equipped with sensors to detect the load (supply) excess, which will turn off the pump works because there is generally no channels to flow back to the fuel tank.

application

Modern vehicles especially those already using a fuel injection system, generally using electric fuel pump because:

> It is easier synergy with other systems, eg with the electronic control unit.
> Injection pump will work more effectively if the incoming fuel injection pump in pressurized circumstances sufficient.  

Carburetor or fuel injection Cars

Carburetor is a device that mixes air and fuel for an internal combustion engine. Carburetors are still used in small engines and in older cars or special as they are designed for stock car racing. Most of the cars were produced in the early 1980s have been using computerized electronic fuel injection. The majority of motorcycles still use carburetors due to lighter and cheaper, but in 2005 many new models are introduced with fuel injection.

History and Development

Carburetor first invented by Karl Benz in 1885 and patented in 1886. In 1893 the Hungarian national engineer named János Csonka and Donat Banki also design a similar device. Was Frederick William Lanchester of Birmingham, England who first experimented using a carburetor on the car. In 1896 Frederick and his brother built the first car that uses gasoline in the UK, single cylinder-powered 5 hp (4 kW), and an internal combustion engine (internal combution). Not satisfied with the final result obtained, mainly due to the small power output, they are rebuilding the engine, this time they used two horizontal cylinders and also redesign their carburetors. This time they were able to finish the tour cars along 1,000 miles (1600 km) in 1900. This is a step forward in the field of automotive carburetors use

Carburetor berhahan commonly used for automobile gasoline until the late 1980s. After a lot of electronic controls used in cars, the use of carburetors being replaced by fuel injection system because it easily integrates with other systems to achieve fuel efficiency.

design

Carburetors can be grouped according to the direction of air flow, barrel and venturi type. Each carburetor combines all three in its design.

Direction of air flow

1. Flow down (downdraft), air enters from the top of the carburetor and then out through the bottom of the  carburetor. 
2. Flow TV (sidedraft), air enters from the side and flows out through the horizontal direction and then the next.
3. Flow rose (updraft), the inverse of the flow down, air enters from the bottom and out through the top.    

Barrel

Barrels were airways in which there is a venturi.

     Single barrel, only one barrel. Commonly used on motorcycles or cars with small engine capacity.
     Multi barrel, memimiliki more than one barrel (generally two or four barrels), to meet the demand for greater air flow, especially for machines with large capacity engines.

Venturi

1. Venturi Still, in this type of venturi size is always fixed. Regulate gas pedal air valve which determines the amount of air flow through the venturi sehigga determine the amount of pressure to draw fuel.
2. Venturi move, in this type of gas pedal set venturi size by using a piston that can go up and down to form a venturi gap can be fickle. Venturi piston fluctuations are accompanied with fluctuations needle jet that regulates the amount of fuel that could be interested as well as the flow of air. This type is also called "constant pressure" due to the air pressure before entering the venturi is always the same.     

Working Principle

Basically carburetor works using Bernoulli's principle: the faster air moves, the smaller its static pressure, but the higher its dynamic pressure. Gas pedal on a car actually does not directly control the amount of flow of fuel into the combustion chamber. Actual gas pedal control valve in the carburetor to determine the amount of air that can flow into the combustion chamber. The air is moving in the carburetor that has the pressure to attract and fuel into the combustion chamber.

Most machines berkarburator have only one carburetor, but some are using one carburetor for each cylinder owned. Even had a trend motorcycle modification in Indonesia the use of multi-carbu (many carburetors), but this is usually only used as decoration with no technical function. Early generation machines use carburetors upward flow (updraft), where the air enters through the bottom of the carburetor and then out through the top. The advantage of this design is to avoid the occurrence of engine flooding, the excess liquid fuel will spill out directly to the carburetor and into the intake mainfold; advantage is the bottom of the carburetor can be connected to the oil channels that are involved there is little oil into the air stream and are used to wash the air filter; however using air filters made ​​of paper using oil washing is no longer needed now.

Beginning in the late 1930's, the flow carburetor down (downdraft) and flow laterally.

operational

At any time of the operation, the carburetor should be able to:

     > Adjust the amount of airflow into the combustion chamber
     > Deliver fuel with the right amount of air to flow into the combustion chamber so that the ratio of fuel / air is maintained.
     > Mixing of air and fuel Airan flat and perfectly

The above items will be easier to do if only gasoline and air is an ideal fluid 'but in fact, by their nature, namely the viscosity, fluid friction, fluid inertia, and so karbrator become very complex in overcoming this situation is not ideal. Also carburetor must remain capable of producing a mixture of gasoline / air right under any circumstances, because the carburetor must operate in temperature, air pressure, engine speed, and centrifugal force is very diverse. Carburetor must be able to operate in a state :

     > Start the engine in the cold
     > Start in hot conditions
     > Langsam or running at low speed
     > Acceleration when the gas suddenly opened
     > High speed with a fully open gas
     > Steady pace with the gas partially open for long periods of time

Modern carburetor should also be able to reduce the amount of vehicle emissions.

base

Carburetor basically an open pipe on both ends, the pipe is moving toward the intake air into the engine mainfold head / combustion chamber. Venturi-shaped pipe, from one end of the wide surface and narrow in the middle and then widens again at the other end. This shape causes the air flow velocity increases when passing through a narrow passage.

In the fixed venturi type, tip carburetor equipped with air valve butterfly valve called the throttle (gas valve), a kind of disc that can rotate to close and open movement of air flow so it can adjust the amount of air / fuel in the combustion chamber. The number of the air / fuel is what determines the power and / or speed of motion machine. Gas pedal, or on motorcycles, gas grip is connected directly to the valve via cable. But the venturi type move, where the valve is not found as a set the size of the flow of air / fuel is the venturi size itself can vary. Gas pedal or grip connected to a piston that regulates the narrow gap in the venturi

Fuel sprayed the air flow through small channels contained in a narrow space inside the venturi. Low pressure of air moving in the venturi draw fuel from the carburetor bowl so that the fuel is ejected and follow the flow of air. These channels are called jets.
Open the gas from the throttle

When the handle is opened a little gas from the fully closed position, there is a venturi section having a lower pressure valve being closed due to spinning. This section provides a carburetor jet more than the other to smooth the distribution of fuel in the air stream.